Primary Hypersomnia

Sleep Disorders

Sleep disorders are a major cause of serious morbidity, including accidents, psychiatric sequelae and reduced quality of life, and has a major economic impact

• Stages V and sleep EEG:

Non-REM sleep (REM: Rapid Eye Movement)

• Step 1: Joint frequency, low voltage. Alfa? (8-12 Hz) and Theta? (4-6 Hz).
• Step 2: Low voltage, slower frequency. Contains sleep spindles (12-14 Hz) and high amplitude 'k' complex
• Step 3 & 4: high amplitude, low frequency Delta? (2 Hz) waves. Step 3, characterized by less than 50%? waves with sleep spindles. Step 4> 50%? waves, but not sleep spindles. Step 3 and 4 include the slow-wave sleep (SWS). As sleep stages 1-4 low frequencies increase at the expense of higher frequencies that are characteristic of the previous day.

REM sleep (REM sleep):

The EEG shows low voltage, mixed frequency spectrum with characteristics cortical activation. It is associated with rapid eye movements, signs of increased arousal and paradoxical muscle tone, and this is when dreams occur.

sleep architecture:

From the day, people go through stages 1-4, then into REM sleep. REM sleep alternates with non so-REM. REM compromise 20% of total sleep time and occurs in intervals of 80-90 minutes. Stages 3 and 4 represent 15-20% of total sleep time. The majority of time is spent in step 2. SWS occurs mainly at the beginning of sleep with REM sleep later. SWS and REM sleep were higher in newborns, and decrease in value with age.

Function of Sleep

Theories about the function of sleep include the conservation of energy versus brain or body restoration. REM sleep has been proposed to account for brain function, and SWS to be associated with bodily functions (related to the amount of energy expanded, it is increased by exercise and to decrease with hypothyroidism). It has been suggested that sleep may be basic and optional sleep based on observations:

• Only 30% of total sleep loss was found after deprivation of sleep, especially SWS and REM.
• short sleepers have the same sleep habits early for sleepers
• gradual reduction of sleep to five hours is well tolerated.

Control of sleep:

The reticular activating system is involved in wakefulness and sleep induction is active rather than passive process. The Yerkes-Dodson curve describes the phenomena more and more, then decrease in performance with increasing excitement. The peak is reached and passed quickly for difficult tasks easy. poor sleep affects the ability to perform simple tasks, mundane, but not the most complex, requiring more attention. Drugs can affect the performance (via sleepiness) and sleep, for example, antidepressants, antipsychotics, benzodiazepines, antihistamines and alcohol.

• Clinical syndromes v:

Epidemiology:

• Insomnia: 30% in one year
• Nightmares: occasional in 50% of adults, due in 1%
• Sleep apnea: 4-8% of men; 2-4% of women
• Narcolepsy: 0.15%

Classifications:

• Dysomnias: sleep
• Medical / psychiatric sleep disorders: ie secondary
• Parasomnias: abnormal in sleep
• specific sleep disorders.

1. Insomnia: it represents a lack of sleep, poor sleep or a decrease in performance during the day. This is probably the most common complaints prese.